This chapter synthesizes findings from existing studies to examine the complex interplay between disaster adaptation and social change within coastal communities. These communities—frequently marked by systemic inequities, geographic precarity, and limited political representation—are disproportionately affected by disasters. Yet, their adaptive responses and the resulting social transformations remain insufficiently explored. Drawing on a systematic review of qualitative and quantitative research conducted between 2000 and 2023, this chapter identifies three key thematic areas: (1) the vital role of informal networks and indigenous knowledge systems in building resilience; (2) the dual function of disasters as both drivers of emancipatory change (e.g., collective action, policy reform) and reinforcers of elemental inequalities (e.g., displacement, resource monopolization); and (3) the significant influence of formational constraints—such as neoliberal policy regimes and racialized governance frameworks—on communities’ adaptive capacities. The review reveals that while community-led initiatives often lead to more equitable and sustainable outcomes, they are frequently undermined by top-down interventions that disregard sociohistorical and cultural contexts. The literature also presents contradictions, particularly around the question of whether disasters intensify or alleviate preexisting vulnerabilities. Overall, this analysis highlights the importance of policies that prioritize grassroots leadership, embed traditional knowledge systems, and confront the root causes of marginalization. By bridging disaster adaptation research with social justice frameworks, this chapter reimagines adaptation as a transformative process grounded in equity and community empowerment.
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